Transrectal saturation technique may improve cancer detection as an initial prostate biopsy strategy in men with prostate-specific antigen <10 ng/ml.

BACKGROUND: Using transrectal saturation prostate biopsy (SPBx) as an initial strategy remains a controversial topic. OBJECTIVE: To compare SPBx with extended prostate biopsy (EPBx) as an initial biopsy template in a large sequential cohort study. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We reviewed 438 men with initial SPBx and 3338 men who underwent initial EPBx between January 2002 and October 2011. INTERVENTION: Office-based SPBx under periprostatic local anesthesia. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The yield of SPBx was compared with EPBx. Multivariable logistic regression models addressed cancer detection (CD) and cancer characteristics. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Overall CD was 51.6% and 42.6% in men who underwent initial SPBx and EPBx, respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed that SPBx was an independent predictor factor correlated with the CD (odds ratio [OR]: 1.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.30-1.92). Stratified by prostate-specific antigen (PSA) values, CD was higher in SPBx compared with EPBx, 47.1% versus 32.8% (OR: 2.00; 95% CI, 1.19-3.38) in patients with a PSA <4 ng/ml and 50.9% versus 42.9% in patients with a PSA from 4 ng/ml to 9.9 ng/ml (OR: 1.62; 95% CI, 1.20-2.20). By contrast, SPBx did not increase CD in men with a PSA >10 ng/ml (60.0% vs 61%; OR: 1.42; 95% CI, 0.70-2.89). There was no significant difference in the detection of insignificant cancer (p = 0.223) or low-risk cancer (p = 0.077) between the two biopsy schemes. The limitation of our study is its retrospective nature and inhomogeneity. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with EPBx, SPBx significantly increases CD as an initial biopsy strategy in men with a PSA <10 ng/ml without a significant increase in the detection of insignificant cancer. These findings suggest that SPBx may merit further investigation as an initial biopsy strategy in men with a PSA <10 ng/ml in hopes of avoiding repeat biopsy for missed malignancy during the initial biopsy.

Female circumcision: history, medical and psychological complications, and initiatives to eradicate this practice.

Female circumcision - a procedure where the parts of the female genitals are removed, which is also known as female genital cutting (FGC) or female genital mutilation (FGM) - continues to be practiced in more than 28 African countries. It is estimated that 80-100 million women have been circumcised. We performed a review of the literature to examine the history of female circumcision, its medical and psychological consequences, and government and non-government educational initiatives that are currently being taken to eradicate this practice.